With regard to summer cooling, I was prompted to peck out a few words on attic ventilation. In addition to keeping us warm, and preventing condensation & mildew in the winter, an adequately insulated and ventilated attic space will reduce the summer heat load in living spaces. A well ventilated attic will function much like a big shade tree! The general rule of thumb is "one square foot of unobstructed ventilation area for every 300 square feet of ceiling space; no less that 50% of the total inbound through the soffits or gable vents, and no more than 50% outbound via roof or ridge vents. The bird and bug screens can diminish the effectiveness of the vents by as much as 50%, so double this amount.

For example, a 1500 sq. ft house requires a minimum of 5 sq. ft of unobstructed ventilation area (min. 10 sq. ft. of screened vent area). This would likely be accomplished with 5 (1 sq ft) roof vents (or a larger number of smaller vents) and in most new homes, a continuous vented soffit covering. In older homes with wooden soffit coverings incorporating individual soffit vents, subsequent covering with vented aluminum will drastically impede air flow through the original openings. The wood soffit covering should be removed prior to installation of the aluminum soffit covering. If aluminum has already been applied over plywood, temporarily remove this covering to introduce more openings into the wooden soffits.

To determine whether or not your attic is adequately ventilated, first survey the number of roof vents. Then lift the access hatch inside the house (usually found in a closet or hallway ceiling). If the attic temperature is extremely high, especially on a cooler day, this means heat-loaded air is not being sufficiently vented. Also, you may notice a rush of air entering up through the access hatch. This means you might have enough roof vents, but not enough soffit (or gable) vents. The relative heights of roof versus gable vents will also be a determining factor. The higher the roof vents are above the gable vents, the more effectively the attic will ventilate.

A minimum of R20 (approx. 8") of insulation over the upper floor ceilings is required to effectively isolate the attic from the living spaces, and continuous vapour barriers behind walls and ceilings will stop infiltration of hot outside air, and exfiltration of cooler (hopefully) inside air. Check that your soffit vents are not obstructed by insulation materials.

Without air conditioning, it helps to open all the windows overnight, and then shut down the house and close the window coverings all day, just like grandmother did it! Aluminum foil, or commercially available tinting, can also help when applied to south and west-facing windows.

See also: Ice Damming
See also: Ice Dams: What to do?